Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction for Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: State of Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities

1.1 Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology
1.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites
1.3 Graphene- and Graphene Sheets-Based Nanocomposites
1.4 Nanocomposites of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Their Applications
1.5 Zeolites and Composites
1.6 Mesoporous Materials and Their Nanocomposites
1.7 Bio-Based Nanomaterials and Their Bio-Nanocomposites
1.8 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Composites
1.9 Modeling Methods for Modulus of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites
1.10 Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin
References

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nano
2.3 Nanomaterials
2.4 Quantum Materials
2.5 Forces and Bonding of Nanomaterials
2.6 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials
2.7 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials
2.8 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
2.9 Challenges in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
2.10 Applications of Nanoscience and Technology
2.11 Conclusion
References

Chapter 3: Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites

3.1 Carbon Nanotubes
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Nanomaterials
3.3 Carbon Nanotubes Based Nanocomposites
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 4: Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Nanocomposites

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Nanocomposites
4.3 Graphene and Graphene Sheets in Thermoplastic Based Blends Preparation, Characterization, and Applications
4.4 Graphene and Graphene Sheets in Rubber–Rubber Blends Preparation, Characterization, and Applications
4.5 Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Micro and Macro Composites
4.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 5: Nanocomposites of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Their Applications

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Advantages of POSS Nanocomposites
5.3 Applications
5.4 Conclusions
References

Chapter 6: Zeolites and Composites

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Progress of Zeolite Materials
6.3 Classification of Zeolites
6.4 Molecular Sieves
6.5 Synthesis of Zeolites
6.6 Properties
6.7 Applications
6.8 Future Perspectives of Zeolites and Their Composites
6.9 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: Mesoporous Materials and Their Nanocomposites

7.1 Introduction of Mesoporous Materials
7.2 IUPAC Classification of Porous Materials
7.3 Synthesis Pathways for the Formation of Mesoporous Materials
7.4 Role of Structure Directing Agents/Surfactants
7.5 Type of Surfactants
7.6 Role of Templates
7.7 Types of Mesoporous Materials: Structure and Properties
7.8 Chemical Modification of Mesoporous Materials: Functionalization
7.9 Mesoporous Silica/Polymer Nanocomposites
7.10 Mesoporous Carbon/Polymer Nanocomposites
7.11 Mesoporous Silica/Metal (Oxides) Nanocomposites
7.12 Applications
7.13 Conclusion and Outlook
References

Chapter 8: Bio-based Nanomaterials and Their Bionanocomposites

8.1 Introduction for Bio-based Nanomaterials
8.2 Cellulose
8.3 Chitin/Chitosan
8.4 Starch
8.5 Soy Protein Isolate (SPI)
8.6 Casein (CAS)
8.7 Alginates
8.9 Conclusions
References

Chapter 9: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Its Composites

9.1 Composites
References

Chapter 10: Modeling Methods for Modulus of Polymer/Carbon nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Results and Discussion
10.3 Conclusions and Future Challenges
References

Chapter 11: Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cellulose
11.3 Hemicellulose
11.4 Lignin
11.5 Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials
11.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology

Figure 2.1 Space-filling molecular models of penicillin (a) and lovastatin (b) [8, 9].
Figure 2.2 Nanometric scale.
Figure 2.3 Basic morphological forms of nanomaterials.
Figure 2.4 Structure of the self-assemblies.
Figure 2.5 Suprastructure of self-assembly of [47] fullerene derivative 1 as acceptor and perylene bisimide 2 as donor by hydrogen bonding [61].
Figure 2.6 Time-dependence of the photocurrent response of the self-assembly film ([1] : [2] = 2 : 1).
Figure 2.7 (a) TEM images of assemblies ([1] : [2] = 2 : 1). (b) High magnification of the TEM image.
Scheme 2.1 Syntheses of 1′,1′′′-biferrocenediboronic acid (1), 1D hydrogen-bonded networks and macrocyclic dimer (2). Red and blue moieties indicate the first and second ligands, respectively.
Figure 2.8 Probable self-assembly suprastructure arrangements of CYDIOL.
Figure 2.9 Self-assembled nanostructures on copper foils: (a) without polymerization process (b) and (c) large area of ordered polydiacetylene nanowires (d) with some entangled polydiacetylene nanowires.
Figure 2.10 Field-emission J–E curves of the polyCYDIOL nanowires. The inset shows the Fowler–Nordheim plot.
Figure 2.11 Chemical structure of compound 11.
Figure 2.12 Morphology transition of the vesicle heated (a), (b), (c), and (d) SEM image of worm-like aggregates of 11. (d) Schematic representation of compound 11. (e) Schematic representation (f) of compound 11 vesicle formed in methanol with a close-up of the vesicle membrane showing the proposed multibilayer structure. (f) Schematic representation of an interdigitated bilayer structure.
Figure 2.13 Structure of PLBT and schematic representation of self-assembly of compound PLBT.
Figure 2.14 Chemical structure of tripod-terpyridine ligand and the proposed “umbrella-shaped” module.
Figure 2.15 SEM (on Pt substrate) images of helical strips of [Ag3L] in different views and magnitude.
Figure 2.16 Proposed formation mechanism of the superhelix: free ligand molecules in dichloromethane (a), original flat strips with Ag (I) cations (b,c), and twisted strips induced by continuous tilt of coordination planes between ligand and Ag (I) cations (d).
Figure 2.17 (a) 0D: nanoparticles, (b) and (c) 1D: nanowires and nanotubes.
Figure 2.18 2D nanostructure: thin film.
Figure 2.19 Typical scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of different types of 0D NSMs, which is synthesized by several research groups. (a) Quantum dots [79], (b) nanoparticles arrays, (c) core–shell nanoparticles, (d) hollow cubes, and (e) nanospheres.
Figure 2.20 (a–f) SEM image of different types of 1D NSMs.
Figure 2.21 (a, b) Plan-view SEM images of MnO₂ nanotube arrays; (c) cross-section view of MnO₂ nanotube arrays; (d, e) plan-view SEM images of MnO₂ nanowire arrays; and (f) cross-section view of MnO₂ nanowire arrays. (Reprinted from Ref. [106].)
Figure 2.22 Typical (a) low- and (b) high-magnification plan-view SEM images of polyaniline nanobelts.
Figure 2.23 (a) SEM and (b) TEM images of the as-made pure anatase phase TiO₂ nanowires growth by hydrothermally dehydrated at 180 °C. (c) TEM image of the pure anatase phase TiO₂ nanowires with porous nanostructures. The inset of image (c) shows the SAED patterns. (d) HRTEM image of a pure anatase phase TiO₂ nanowire. (e) TEM image of an anatase TiO₂ nanowire. The inset of image (e) shows the SAED patterns. (f) HRTEM image of an anatase TiO₂ nanowire.
Figure 2.24 (a) Low- and (b) high-magnification SEM pictures of the CdS nanowires.
Figure 2.25 SEM images of three samples (a–c) prepared in an autoclave at 90 C.
Figure 2.26 Plan-view SEM images of Ge nanowires. The Ge nanowires were grown at various temperatures (a) 450 C, (b) 400 C, and (c) 370 C for duration of 4 min in n-butylgermane. The arrow in (a) indicates a strongly tapered wire. Crossed arrows represent crystal orientations of the Si substrate. It is projection onto the Si (100) surface. Reference [143].
Figure 2.33 SEM images of the CuS architectures prepared in different solvents: (a, b) ethanol, (c–f) ethylene glycol, and (g, h) dimethylformamide.
Figure 2.27 Changes in the carbon nanofibers morphology with respect to various irradiation times: (a) 5 s; (b) 120 s; (c) 180 s; (d) 420 s.
Figure 2.28 Typical SEM and TEM image of different kinds of 2D NSMs, which is synthesized by our and several research groups. (a) Junctions (continuous islands), (b) branched structures [155], (c) nanoplates [156], (d) nanosheets [157], (e) nanowalls [158], and (f) nanodisks [159].
Figure 2.29 (a) AFM image of Pt nanosheets and (b) AFM image of selected region of Pt nanosheets shown in (a). In (b), yellow line shows the scan line for the measured thickness of Pt nanosheets. Bottom of (b) shows the stacking of four nanosheets with a total thickness of 11.7 nm.
Figure 2.30 The Figure shows the SEM images of manganese oxide (a) and (b).
Figure 2.31 SEM images at (a) low- and (b) high-magnifications showing the copper microstructures with net shape consisting of nanowalls.
Figure 2.32 (a–f) The Figure shows the SEM images of the as-synthesized 2D hexagonal starlike b-MnO₂ and dendritelike hierarchical b-MnO₂ nanostructures.
Figure 2.34 SEM images of the 2D MoO₃ nanoplatelets under (a) low- and (b) high-magnifications.
Figure 2.35 Plan-view SEM images of 2D boron nitride nanosheets grown at (a–c) 1300 °C and (d) 1100 °C.
Figure 2.36 SEM images of 2D linear arrays of ZnO nanoparticles.

Chapter 3: Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites

Figure 3.1 Schematic illustrations of carbon nanotubes: (a) SWCNT, (b) DWCNT, (c) FWCNT with four walls, (d) MWCNT with nine walls, (e) SWCNT, and (f) MWCNT.
Figure 3.2 (a) HRTEM of a MWCNT, (b) high magnification of area identified in (a) showing 10 walls, and (c) the fast Fourier transform (FFT) revealing the CNT spots.
Figure 3.3 Schematic drawing of a sheet of graphene with representation of the chiral vector integers (n,m) for the construction of different SWCNTs types.
Figure 3.4 Schematic diagrams of SWCNTs with different chiral vectors: (a) armchair (10,10), (b) chiral (10,5), and (c) zigzag (10,0) structures.
Figure 3.5 Schematic diagrams of different SWCNTs showing defects: (a) bundle of SWCNTs with a structure of (10,0), (b) capped SWCNT with a structure of (10,0), and (c) a SWCNT bend 30° with a structure (10,0).
Figure 3.6 (a) SEM image of an MWCNT agglomerate and (b) HRTEM image of an MWCNT with a bamboo structure.
Figure 3.7 Schematic illustrations of (a) arc discharge, (b) laser ablation, and (c) CVD apparatus for CNTs production.
Figure 3.8 SEM images of CNTs dispersed by ultrasonication during (a) 15 min, (b) 20 min, (c) 25 min, (d) 30 min, (e) 35 min, and (f) 40 min.
Figure 3.9 The distributions of outer diameters of CNTs, in the as-received condition and after dispersion from 15 to 35 min.
Figure 3.10 Schematic illustration of the principal chemical and physical modifications of CNTs.
Figure 3.11 SEM images of CNTs modified by oxidation treatments in concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids.
Figure 3.12 Schematic illustration of the combined effect of the sonication treatment with surfactants.
Figure 3.13 SEM images showing the morphology of the CNTs after modification by CTAB.
Figure 3.14 SEM images showing the morphology of the CNTs modified by SDS.
Figure 3.15 SEM images showing the morphology of the CNTs modified by acid treatment followed by physical modification by CTAB.
Figure 3.16 SEM images of CNTs/Al nanocomposites: (a) 0.75% of CNTs, (b) 1.0% of CNTs, and (c) high magnification of a CNT cluster of CNTs/Al nanocomposite.
Figure 3.17 (a) TEM and (b) HRTEM images image of CNTs/Al nanocomposites with 0.75% of CNTs showing the CNTs embedded in the aluminum grains.
Figure 3.18 Grain size distribution of (a) aluminum and of nanocomposites with (b) 0.5% of CNTs, (c) 0.75% of CNTs, and (d) 1.0% of CNTs.
Figure 3.19 Inverse pole Figure maps of (a) aluminum and (b) nanocomposites with 0.75% of CNTs produced in the same conditions.
Figure 3.20 Raman spectrum curves obtained for CNTs with dispersion and for nanocomposites with 0.75% of CNTs.
Figure 3.21 HRTEM images of CNTs/Al nanocomposites with 0.75% of CNTs showing the formation of Al₄C₃ at walls of CNTs.

Chapter 4: Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Nanocomposites

Figure 4.1 The hexagonal structure of a six-way bond between carbon atoms – trillions of which make up a tiny sheet of graphene.
Figure 4.2 Structures of multigraphene sheets.
Figure 4.3 Sheets of graphene held together by van der Waals bonding.
Figure 4.4 A graphene sheet.
Figure 4.5 (a) Comparison of Raman spectra at 514 nm for bulk graphite and graphene. They are scaled to have similar height of the 2D peak at 2700 cm⁻¹; (b) evolution of the spectra at 514 nm with the number of layers; and (c) evolution of the Raman spectra at 633 nm with the number of layers.
Figure 4.6 Synthesis techniques. (a) Optical microscopy image of a very large micromechanically exfoliated (tape method) monolayer of graphene. Note the considerable contrast for the single atomic layer. (b) Photograph of dispersed graphene by ultrasonic exfoliation of graphite in chloroform and (c) that deposited on a bendable film. (d) Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide showing the remaining oxygen-rich functional groups after reduction. (e,f) OM and SEM images of graphene grown epitaxial on SiC. The number of layers is shown in (f), with multiple layers forming at step edges. (g) Crystal structure of 4H–SiC with Si (top) and C (bottom) faces. (h) False-colored dark-field TEM reconstruction of CVD graphene domain patchwork. Each color is a domain with a certain lattice orientation (left), imaged separately using the corresponding diffracted beams for crystal-orientation-dependent contrast (right). (i) High-resolution ADF-STEM of a domain boundary in CVD graphene showing a rotational mismatch of 27 and a series of pentagon–heptagon pairs (Stone–Wales defects) along the boundary. (j) SEM of an array of seeded growth hexagonal domains of CVD graphene on copper. (k) Large-area graphene transferred using roll-to-roll production spanning 30 in. diagonally. (l) Schematic of the roll-to-roll process showing adhesion to a thermal release tape polymer support, run through an etching medium to remove the copper foil, before being released via heat treatment from the polymer support onto the final substrate (a–c) [35].
Figure 4.7 Schematic of the synergetic interaction between graphene and carbon nanotubes.
Figure 4.8 Schematic representations of the fabrication of MG-IIR nanocomposite membrane.
Figure 4.9 Schematic representation of graphene preparation from graphite by pressurized oxidation and multiplex reduction.
Figure 4.10 (a) Tapping mode AFM topographic image and height profiles of GO and (b) TEM images of layered GO.
Figure 4.11 Synthesis of thermosetting PMR PI/GO nanocomposites.
Figure 4.12 FTIR spectra of GO (a), PI (b), and PI/GO composites with GO content of 1 wt% (c), 3 wt% (d), and 5 wt% (e).
Figure 4.13 XRD patterns (a) Go, (b) PI, (c) 1 wt%, (d) 2 wt%, (e) 3 wt%, (f) 4 wt%, and (g) 5 wt% GO/PI composite.
Figure 4.14 TGA curve of PI (a) 1 wt% and (d) 5 wt% GO/PI composites at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ in air.
Figure 4.15 AFM height images and corresponding height corrugation analysis for PE (top), PE + 5% CPE25 (middle), and PE + 5% CPE35 (bottom) when sectioned at −140 °C.
Figure 4.16 Fabrication process of GO/SBR composite. (a,b) GO/VPR/SBR stable emulsion of 0.5 wt% of GO sheets in an aqueous emulsion of 1 wt% VPR and 9 wt% SBR (159 w/w VPR-SBR) at pH 6.3. In the schematic representation (a), SBR and VPR colloidal particles are presented as red and green balls respectively. The cryo-TEM image of the corresponding GO/VPR/SBR stable emulsion is shown in (b). (c,d) By adjusting pH value of mixture to 4.0 with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), the VPR colloidal particles are demulsified first, and the released VPR molecules are preferentially adsorbed onto the surfaces of the GO sheets because the acidified pyridine groups of VPR can interact with the ionized carboxylic acid and phenolic hydroxyl groups from the surfaces of the GO sheets. In the schematic representation (c), the released VPR molecules are represented as green random coil. The cryo-TEM image of the corresponding GO/VPR/SBR mixture is shown in (d). Ball-and-stick illustration of a model structure of the interaction between VPR and GO sheets is shown in (g). Yellow, red, and gray are used to represent N, O, and H atoms, respectively. (e,f) When the pH is lower than 3.0, the SBR colloidal particles are further demulsified and then co-coagulated with VPR-modified GO sheets to form the GO/SBR composite. In the schematic representation (e), the demulsified SBR molecules are represented as red random coil. (h) The cryo-TEM image of the corresponding GO/VPR/SBR mixture is shown in (f).
Figure 4.17 Morphology images of GO/SBR composite. (a–c) SEM images ((a) 10 003 magnification; (b) 200 003 magnification; and (c) 2 000 003 magnification) of tensile sections of GO/SBR composite with 2.0 vol% of GO. (d–g) TEM images of microtomed SBR/GO composites revealing different morphologies of GO sheets, including crumpling and folding, at different concentrations (vol%): (d) 0.2; (e) 0.4; (f) 1.2; and (g) 2.0. (h, i) High-resolution phase-contrast images of different regions of microtomed GO/SBR composite sample (2.0 vol% of GO) at different magnifications. These high-resolution images show individual sheets and/or layer-by-layer sandwich structures of GO (Figure 4.18).
Figure 4.18 SWAXS pattern of GO/SBR composite.
Figure 4.19 Fabrication of hierarchical macro- and mesoporous GA-SiO₂ frameworks: (i) electrostatic adsorption and assembly of CTAB on the surface of 3D GAs, (ii) TEOS hydrolysis for nucleation and growth of mesoporous silica on the surface of CTA⁺-adsorped GAs, and (iii) CTAB removal through ethanol washing, drying, and thermal annealing.

Chapter 5: Nanocomposites of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Their Applications

Figure 5.1 Schematic representation and conspectus of this chapter.
Figure 5.2 How big is a 1 nm length scale?
Figure 5.3 Trisilanolphenyl POSS and octanaphthyl POSS.
Figure 5.4 Structure of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane.
Figure 5.5 Silsesquioxanes Q₈ (Q = SiO_2/2); R = H, vinyl, epoxy, acetylene, and acrylate.
Figure 5.6 Chemical structures of different types of silsesquioxanes.
Figure 5.7 Three-dimensional representation of Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane.
Figure 5.8 The hybrid nature of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane.
Figure 5.9 Systematic representation of polymer nanocomposites.
Scheme 5.1 Synthesis of polyamide-POSS nanocomposites (PA-POSS).
Figure 5.10 (a) ¹H NMR of polyamic acid (PAA). (b) ¹H NMR PA-POSS nanocomposites.
Figure 5.11 Systematic representations of PA-POSS hybrid nanocomposites.
Figure 5.12 Atomic force microscopy of PA-POSS nanocomposites.
Figure 5.13 Graphical representation of prepared PA-POSS nanocomposites.
Scheme 5.2 The synthetic route of FPUI-POSS nanocomposite membranes.
Scheme 5.3 The synthetic route of MSPUI-POSS nanocomposite membranes.
Figure 5.14 Graphical representation of both octafunctioalized POSS (a) and blended polymer nanocomposites (b).
Figure 5.15 Systematic representation of bridged polysilsesquioxanes nanocomposites.
Figure 5.16 Schematic representation of gas permeation model.
Figure 5.17 Graphical representation of aeronautic applications.
Figure 5.18 Dielectric constant of polymer nanocomposites.

Chapter 6: Zeolites and Composites

Figure 6.1 Primary, secondary, and cage building units of zeolites.
Figure 6.2 The system used for vapor-phase and steam assisted crystallization of zeolites.
Figure 6.3 The system used for droplet–microfluid formation of zeolites.

Chapter 7: Mesoporous Materials and Their Nanocomposites

Figure 7.1 Definition of pores in a solid material: (a) closed pore, (b) ink-bottle shape, (c) cylindrical shape, (d) funnel shape, and (e) surface roughness.
Figure 7.2 Schematic of classification of porous materials.
Figure 7.3 Schematic picture of a surfactant.
Figure 7.4 The preferred aggregate structure of amphiphiles can be estimated using the CPP, which is based on the geometric shape of the amphiphile.
Figure 7.5 The relationship between the preferred aggregate structure and the critical packing parameter (CPP) of surfactant molecules [8].
Figure 7.6 Morphologies of surfactants and their behavior in different solvents.
Figure 7.7 Scheme of two representative synthesis routes for ordered mesoporous materials: (a) soft-templating method and (b) hard-templating (nanocasting) method.
Figure 7.8 Structure of M41S materials (a) MCM-41, (b) MCM-48, and (c) MCM-50.
Figure 7.9 Schematic of process for synthesis of SBA-15.
Figure 7.10 Schematic of process for synthesis of mesoporous metal oxide/carbon.
Figure 7.11 Two typical methods for the preparation of ordered mesoporous carbon materials: the nanocasting strategy from mesoporous silica hard templates and the direct synthesis from block copolymer soft templates [18].
Figure 7.12 Types of silica surface Si−O species.
Figure 7.13 Schematic of co-condensation and grafting process.
Figure 7.14 Conceptual schemes of nanocomposite materials of mesoporous silica with organic components.
Figure 7.15 Schematic representation for the synthesis of PANI–CMK-3 nanocomposite.

Chapter 8: Bio-based Nanomaterials and Their Bionanocomposites

Figure 8.1 Schematic of the tree hierarchical structure [1].
Figure 8.2 Schematics of cellulose chain structure with repeat units.
Figure 8.3 Schematics of idealized cellulose particle cross-sections showing terminating surfaces and crystal structure (m, monoclinic, t, triclinic) for (a) wood CNC and elementary fibril (or NFC) cross-section, (b) t-CNC, (c) AC Valonia, (d) AC Micrasterias, (e) unmodified – BC – Acetobacter, and (f) modified – BC – Acetobacter. Each gray box represents a cellulose chain looking down the chain-axis [1].
Figure 8.4 TEM images of cellulose whiskers obtained from acid hydrolysis of (a) microcrystalline cellulose, (b) tunicate, (c) cotton, (d) ramie, (e) sisal, (f) straw, (g) bacterial cellulose, and (h) sugar beet [10].
Figure 8.5 Description of classical process to obtain nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). Different cellulose sources (wood or annual plant) followed by extraction of cellulose fibers from the cell wall, using different mechanical treatments, thus yielding an NFC gel suspension [83].
Figure 8.6 Several cellulose particle types, (a) SEM image of WF, (b) SEM image of MCC that has been deagglomerated, (c) TEM image of MFC, (d) TEM image of TEMPO-NFC, (e) TEM image of wood CNCs, (f) TEM image of t-CNC, (g) TEM of AC, and (h) SEM image of BC [1].
Figure 8.7 Structure of chitin and chitosan [195].
Figure 8.8 Schematic representation of the formation of MFe₃O₄/CS NPs [236].
Figure 8.9 Schematic representation of the three different routes chosen for analysis of starch nanocrystals obtained from the 1, 3, or 5 days hydrolysis [346].
Figure 8.10 Soy protein isolate production outline [370].
Figure 8.11 (Soy protein isolates nanoparticles reported by Zhang et al. [372] (a) and Teng et al. [364] (b)).
Figure 8.12 Schematic illustration of the electrostatic interaction between soy globulins and MMT, (a) highly exfoliated state and (b) intercalated state. Positively charged domains are colored in white and negatively charged domains are in black [382].
Figure 8.13 (a) TEM image of the uncrosslinked casein-PAA nanospheres, Inset is a cut-section TEM image of the particle; (b) SEM image of the cross-linked casein-PAA nanospheres; (c) cut-section TEM of the full casein nanospheres; and (d) showing the formation of hollow casein spheres [421].
Figure 8.14 Schematic formation mechanism of the casein-micelles-mediated, microwave-assisted hollow magnetic supraparticles [424].
Figure 8.15 Alginate chemical structure: (a) β-d-mannuronic acid (M) sodium salt and α-l-guluronic acid (G) sodium salt. (b) The block composition of alginate with G-blocks, M-blocks, and MG-blocks [440].

Chapter 9: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Its Composites

Figure 9.1 Digital images of (a) HKUST-1 monolith, (b) ZIF-8/PVP fiber mat, and (c) HKUST-1/PAM beads.
Figure 9.2 Bonding between functionalized grapheme and MOF via −COOH groups along (220) direction and the assembly into nanowire structure.
Figure 9.3 (a) FE-SEM images of MOFMC. The inset shows an enlarged view of the crystal. (b) Optical images of MOFMC.
Figure 9.4 Schematic of the acid-catalyzed Baeyer condensation reaction.
Figure 9.5 (a) SEM and (b) TEM images of the MIL/PTAja hybrid material obtained by the joint autoclaving of mixtures of MIL-101 components and PTA in deionized water, without pH adjustment.
Figure 9.6 (a) TEM and (b) SEM images of the MIL/PTA_imp hybrid material obtained by impregnating MIL-101 particles by an aqueous solution of PTA.
Figure 9.7 N₂ adsorption isotherms at 77 K on 1 (circle), 2 (diamond), 3 (square), and 4 (triangle). Solid and open symbols represent adsorption and desorption, respectively.
Figure 9.8 Preparation of (R)-MOF–silica composite (1).
Figure 9.9 Powder XRD patterns of (a) MOF-5 single crystal simulated from X-ray data, (b) MOF-5, (c) MS/1, (d) MS/2, (e) MS/3, (f) MS/4, and (g) MS/C.
Figure 9.10 SEM images of (a) MOF-5, (b, c) MS/1, (d) MS/2, (e) MS/3, (f, g) MS/4, (h) SBA-C, (i) MS/C and TEM images of (j) MS/2, (k) SBA-15 moiety in MS/2 composite, and (l) MS/3.
Figure 9.11 A schematic view of (a) the proposed mechanism of homogeneous and heterogeneous MOF nucleation and the structure-directing role of mesoporous silica and (b) proposed model for interaction between surface silanols of mesoporous silica and MOF.
Figure 9.12 Comparison of catalytic activity of the newly designed MOF-based composites for heterogeneous alkylation of toluene with benzyl bromide.
Figure 9.13 HRTEM images of Ag nanoparticles formed by immersion of solid TMU-1 in the ethanol solution of AgNO₃ (1.3 × 10⁻¹ M) at room temperature for 5 min.
Figure 9.14 Energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS) for the solid isolated after immersion in the ethanol solution of AgNO₃ (1.3 × 10⁻¹ M) for 5 min. Measured at room temperature.
Figure 9.15 Layer-by-layer deposition of MOF-5 on silk fiber.
Figure 9.16 Schematic of the experimental setup used for the sonochemical reactions: (a) beaker of Zn(OAc)₂ solution; (b) silk fiber; (c) DMF for washing; (d) beaker of terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) solution; (e) DMF for washing; (f) ultrasound bath; and (g) water circulation.
Figure 9.17 SEM images of BDC-MOF-coated silk yarns synthesized by direct mixing (a), SEM images of BDC-MOF-coated silk yarns synthesized by ultrasound irradiation (b).
Figure 9.18 LBL growth of the MOF on the silk.
Figure 9.19 I₂ enrichment progress in (a) blank, (b) immediately, (c) 3 min, (d) 5 min, (e) 30 min, (f) 1 h, and (g) 2 h.
Figure 9.20 Representation of the formation mechanism of CuBTC nanoparticles upon silk yarn.
Figure 9.21 SEM photographs and wavelength-dispersive X-ray (WDX) analysis of samples in four cycles.

Chapter 10: Modeling Methods for Modulus of Polymer/Carbon nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites

Figure 10.1 (a) The range of length and time scales for modeling of mechanical properties and (b) the techniques for material modeling. The methods indicated in bold are widely used for mechanical properties of polymer/CNT nanocomposites.
Figure 10.2 Three possible representative volume elements (RVEs) for the analysis of polymer/CNT nanocomposites: (a) Circular (cylindrical), (b) Square, and (c) Hexagonal.
Figure 10.3 The BEM results for aligned random and uniform cases and comparison with the experimental results, MD simulation, and a multiscale method reported by Odegard.
Figure 10.4 The Young's modulus of epoxy/MWCNT nanocomposite.
Figure 10.5 The effect of total surface area per volume (SA/V_c) on the normalized tensile modulus (E_c/E_m) for PVA/CNT samples.
Figure 10.6 The equivalent-continuum modeling for polymer/CNT nanocomposites.
Figure 10.7 Two multiscale modeling and simulation strategies: (a) sequential (reproduced with permission) and (b) concurrent approaches.
Figure 10.8 The effective modulus of a considerably long wavy CNT (E_wavy) embedded in a matrix at different waviness ratio (w = a/L) and E_rat = E_f/E_m by multiscale modeling.

Chapter 11: Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin

Figure 11.1 The relationship between the various cellulose allomorphs [2].
Figure 11.2 Basic design of a homogenizer, a microfluidizer, and a grinder [35].
Figure 11.3 Common chemical modifications of CNCs; PEG: poly(ethylene glycol); PEO: poly(ethylene oxide); PLA: poly(lactic acid); PAA: poly(acrylic acid); PNiPAAm: poly(N-isopropylacrylamide); and PDMAEMA: poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) [70].
Figure 11.4 The potential products from hemicelluloses [118].
Figure 11.5 Scheme for alkali extraction of hemicelluloses from one-month-old bamboo.
Figure 11.6 Schematic illustration of process for natural rubber/lignin nanocomposites [142].

List of Tables

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology

Table 2.1 Various nanosensors

Chapter 3: Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites

Table 3.1 Hardness value and tensile properties of pure aluminum and CNTs/Al nanocomposites

Chapter 6: Zeolites and Composites

Table 6.1 Classification of based on pore size
Table 6.2 Classification of zeolites based on the Si/Al ratio
Table 6.3 Classification of zeolites on the basis of group and crystal structure
Table 6.4 Zeolite composite materials used in fuel cells
Table 6.5 Zeolite composite materials used in DSSCs
Table 6.6 Zeolite composite materials used in energy storage devices
Table 6.7 Zeolite composite materials used in oil refining
Table 6.8 H₂ storage capacity of zeolite composites

Chapter 7: Mesoporous Materials and Their Nanocomposites

Table 7.1 List of common surfactants for mesoporous materials
Table 7.2 CPP ratios and their corresponding geometry of micelles

Chapter 8: Bio-based Nanomaterials and Their Bionanocomposites

Table 8.1 Properties and application of cellulose–metal nanocomposites
Table 8.2 Chitin and chitosan nanoparticles and their properties
Table 8.3 List of chitin and chitosan nanocomposites
Table 8.4 Properties and characterization of alginate nanocomposites
Table 8.5 Selective examples of gelatin nanoparticles and their applications

Chapter 9: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Its Composites

Table 9.1 Amounts of reaction compositions for MOF-mesoporous silica composites
Table 9.2 Ratios of weight percentage in composites 1–4 and yield of CuBTC
Table 9.3 Pore volumes and isosteric heat of adsorption q_st of samples 1–4

Chapter 10: Modeling Methods for Modulus of Polymer/Carbon nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites

Table 10.1 Calculation of modulus by Halpin–Tsai model [56]
Table 10.2 The modeling of modulus by H–T2D model [56]
Table 10.3 The multiscale modeling of modulus by molecular techniques and continuum-based models [56]

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List of Contributors

Abdullah M. Asiri
King Abdulaziz University
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)
Chemistry Department
P.O. Box 80203
Jeddah 21589
Saudi Arabia

Dipali R. Bagal-Kestwal
National Taiwan University
Institute of Food Science and Technology
No. 1 Roosevelt Road
Section-4 Taipei
Taiwan
Republic of China

Been H. Chiang
National Taiwan University
Institute of Food Science and Technology
No. 1 Roosevelt Road
Section-4 Taipei
Taiwan
Republic of China

Diana Elena Ciolacu
Romanian Academy
``Petru Poni'' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers
41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley
700487 Iasi
Romania

Raluca Nicoleta Darie
Romanian Academy
``Petru Poni'' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers
41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley
700487 Iasi
Romania

Sunita Devi
Maharani Kishori Jat Kanya Mahavidyalaya
Department of Chemistry
Rohtak
Haryana 124001
India

Surender Duhan
D.C.R. University of Science and Technology
Nanomaterials Research Laboratory
Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
Murthal (Sonepat)
Haryana 131039
India

Hamid Garmabi
Amirkabir University of Technology
Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology
No. 28, 424 Hafez Ave.
Tehran
Iran

G. Gnana kumar
Madurai Kamaraj University
Department of Physical Chemistry
Alagar Kovil Main Road
Madurai
625021 Tamil Nadu
India

Dhorali Gnanasekaran
Dielectric Materials Division
Central Power Research Institute
Prof. Sir C.V. Raman Road
Bangalore 560080
India

Lida Hashemi
Tarbiat Modares University
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Sciences
P.O. Box 14115-175
Jallal al ahmad street
Tehran
Islamic Republic of Iran

Rakesh M. Kestwal
National Taiwan University
Institute of Food Science and Technology
No. 1 Roosevelt Road
Section-4 Taipei
Taiwan
Republic of China
and
Product and Research Process Center
Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI)
No.331, Shih-Pin Road
Hsinchu 300
Taiwan
Republic of China

Anish Khan
King Abdulaziz University
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)
Chemistry Department
P.O. Box 80203
Jeddah 21589
Saudi Arabia

Ritu Malik
D.C.R. University of Science & Technology
Department of Physics
Murthal (Sonepat)
Haryana 131039
India

Ali Morsali
Tarbiat Modares University
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Sciences
P.O. Box 14115-175
Jallal al ahmad street
Tehran
Islamic Republic of Iran

Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan
King Abdulaziz University
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)
Chemistry Department
P.O. Box 80203
Jeddah 21589
Saudi Arabia

Sónia Simões
University of Porto
Center for Mechanical Engineering (CEMUC)
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
R. Dr. Roberto Frias
4200-465 Porto
Portugal

Vijay K. Tomer
D.C.R. University of Science and Technology
Nanomaterials Research Laboratory
Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology
Murthal (Sonepat)
Haryana 131039
India

Filomena Viana
University of Porto
Center for Mechanical Engineering (CEMUC)
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
R. Dr. Roberto Frias
4200-465 Porto
Portugal

Manuel F. Vieira
University of Porto
Center for Mechanical Engineering (CEMUC)
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
R. Dr. Roberto Frias
4200-465 Porto
Portugal

P. M. Visakh
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Department of Ecology and Basic Safety
Lenin av. 30
634050 Tomsk
Russia

Yasser Zare
Amirkabir University of Technology
Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology
No. 28, 424 Hafez Ave.
Tehran
Iran