Details

Power System Protection


Power System Protection

Fundamentals and Applications
IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems 1. Aufl.

von: John Ciufo, Aaron Cooperberg

126,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 02.12.2021
ISBN/EAN: 9781119847380
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 560

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Beschreibungen

<b>An all-in-one resource on power system protection fundamentals, practices, and applications</b> <p>Made up of an assembly of electrical components, power system protections are a critical piece of the electric power system. Despite its central importance to the safe operation of the power grid, the information available on the topic is limited in scope and detail. <p>In <i>Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications,</i> a team of renowned engineers delivers an authoritative and robust overview of power system protection ideal for new and early-career engineers and technologists. The book offers device- and manufacturer-agnostic fundamentals using an accessible balance of theory and practical application. It offers a wealth of examples and easy-to-grasp illustrations to aid the reader in understanding and retaining the information provided within. <p>In addition to providing a wealth of information on power system protection applications for generation, transmission, and distribution facilities, the book offers readers: <ul> <li>A thorough introduction to power system protection, including why it's required and foundational definitions</li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of basic power system protection components, including instrument transformers, terminations, telecommunications, and more</li> <li>Practical discussions of basic types of protection relays and their operation, including overcurrent, differential, and distance relays</li> <li>In-depth examinations of breaker failure protection and automatic reclosing, including typical breaker failure tripping zones, logic paths, pedestal breakers, and more</li> </ul> <p>Perfect for system planning engineers, system operators, and power system equipment specifiers, <i>Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications</i> will also earn a place in the libraries of design and field engineers and technologists, as well as students and scholars of power-system protection.
<p>About the Authors xix</p> <p>Preface xxi</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxiii</p> <p><b>1 What Is Power System Protection, Why Is It Required and Some Basics? 1</b></p> <p>1.1 What Is Power System Protection? 1</p> <p>1.2 Why Is Power System Protections Required? 2</p> <p>1.3 Some Basic Protection System Terms and Information 6</p> <p>References 12</p> <p><b>2 Basic Power System Protection Components 13</b></p> <p>2.1 General Description 13</p> <p>2.2 Power System Protection Components 13</p> <p>2.3 Physical Implementation 21</p> <p>2.4 Power System Isolation Devices and Control Interfaces 23</p> <p>2.5 Redundancy Arrangements 24</p> <p><b>3 AC Signal Sources 27</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 27</p> <p>3.2 Current Transformers 27</p> <p>3.3 Voltage Sources 53</p> <p>References 56</p> <p><b>4 Basic Types of Protection Relays and Their Operation 57</b></p> <p>4.1 General 57</p> <p>4.3 Overcurrent 59</p> <p>4.4 Differential 77</p> <p>4.5 Distance 86</p> <p>Reference 94</p> <p><b>5 Protection Information Representation, Nomenclature, and Jargon 95</b></p> <p>5.1 General 95</p> <p>5.2 Protection Drawing Types 95</p> <p>5.3 Nomenclature and Device Numbers 108</p> <p>5.4 Classification of Relays 112</p> <p>5.5 Protection Jargon 114</p> <p>Reference 116</p> <p><b>6 Per-Unit System and Fault Calculations 117</b></p> <p>6.1 General 117</p> <p>6.2 Per-Unit 118</p> <p>6.3 Fundamental Need for Fault Information 125</p> <p>6.4 Symmetrical Components 128</p> <p>6.5 Sequence Impedances of Power Apparatus 131</p> <p>6.6 Balanced Fault Analysis 139</p> <p>6.7 Sequence Networks 140</p> <p>6.8 Summary of Unbalance Fault Calculations 144</p> <p>6.9 High-Level Summary of the Fault Calculation Process 147</p> <p>6.10 Useful Fault Calculation Formulas/Methods 148</p> <p>6.11 Fault Calculation Examples 149</p> <p>References 157</p> <p><b>7 Protection Zones 159</b></p> <p>7.1 Protection Zones General 159</p> <p>7.2 Zones Defined 159</p> <p>7.3 Zone Overlap Around Breakers 161</p> <p>7.4 Protection Zoning at Stations 163</p> <p>7.5 Protection Zones in General 170</p> <p>7.6 Backup Protection 177</p> <p>7.7 CT Configuration and Protection Trip Zones 178</p> <p>7.8 Where Protections Zones do not Overlap Around Breakers 182</p> <p>7.9 Lines Terminating Directly on Buses at a HV Switching Station 183</p> <p><b>8 Transformer Protection 185</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 185</p> <p>8.2 General Principles 185</p> <p>8.3 Differential Protection Power Transformers 186</p> <p>8.4 Percent Differential Protection Autotransformers 220</p> <p>8.5 Transformer Percent Differential Setting Examples 227</p> <p>Reference 235</p> <p><b>9 Bus Protection 237</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 237</p> <p>9.2 Typical Bus Arrangements 237</p> <p>9.3 Bus Protection Requirements 239</p> <p>9.4 Methods of Protecting Buses 239</p> <p>9.5 Example High Impedance Differential Protection Setting 264</p> <p>Reference 267</p> <p><b>10 Breaker Failure Protection and Automatic Reclosing 269</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 269</p> <p>10.2 Breaker Failure General Background 269</p> <p>10.3 Breaker Automatic Reclosing General Background 283</p> <p><b>11 Station Protection 285</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 285</p> <p>11.2 Types of Stations 285</p> <p>11.3 Station and Protection Architecture 287</p> <p>11.4 Station Switchgear Type 300</p> <p>11.5 Sub-Transmission Types and Station Grounding 302</p> <p>11.6 Master Ground 303</p> <p><b>12 Capacitor Bank Protection 307</b></p> <p>12.1 Capacitor Banks 307</p> <p>12.2 Purpose for Shunt Capacitors on Power System Networks 307</p> <p>12.3 Capacitor Bank Construction 308</p> <p>12.4 Capacitor Bank Protection 319</p> <p>12.5 Capacitor Bank Breakers 324</p> <p>12.6 Capacitor Bank Sample Settings 324</p> <p>Reference 333</p> <p><b>13 Synchronous Generator Protection 335</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 335</p> <p>13.2 General 336</p> <p>13.3 Generator/Unit Transformer Protections 340</p> <p>13.4 Current Transformers 355</p> <p>13.5 Generator Protection Sample Settings 356</p> <p>13.6 Generator Control and Protection Systems Coordination 363</p> <p>13.7 General Generator Tripping Requirements 369</p> <p>13.8 Breaker Failure Initiation 370</p> <p>Reference 370</p> <p><b>14 Transmission Line Protection 371</b></p> <p>14.1 General 371</p> <p>14.2 Basic Line Protection Requirements 371</p> <p>14.3 Impedance Relays and Why Not Just Overcurrent Relays 372</p> <p>14.4 Distance Relay Response to Fault Types 376</p> <p>14.5 Apparent Impedance 381</p> <p>14.6 Redundancy/Backup 388</p> <p>14.7 Tele-Protection (Also Known as Pilot-Protection) 390</p> <p>14.8 General Implications 399</p> <p>14.9 Peripheral Requirements of Distance Protection 400</p> <p>14.10 Tele-Protection (Pilot-Protection) A Historical Perspective 408</p> <p>14.11 Tele-Protection via Power Line Carrier 408</p> <p>14.12 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 409</p> <p>14.13 Three-Terminal Lines 410</p> <p>14.14 Distributed Generation 413</p> <p>14.15 Distance Relay Response to Resistive Faults 421</p> <p>14.16 Power System Considerations 428</p> <p>14.17 Line Current Differential Protection 433</p> <p>14.18 Pilot Wire Protection 439</p> <p>14.19 Power System Considerations 440</p> <p>14.20 Line Setting Application Example 443</p> <p>References 453</p> <p><b>15 Subtransmission/Distribution Feeder Protection 455</b></p> <p>15.1 Subtransmission/Distribution Characteristics 455</p> <p>15.2 Definitions/Characteristics 455</p> <p>15.3 Distribution Feeder Protection Devices 459</p> <p>15.4 Protection Coordination Principles 482</p> <p>15.5 Feeder Energization 491</p> <p>15.6 Subtransmission Feeder Protection 493</p> <p>15.7 Impact of Distributed Generators (DGs) on Distribution Feeder Protection 509</p> <p>15.8 Feeder Protection Application Settings Example 516</p> <p>References 522</p> <p>Index 523</p>
<p><b>John Ciufo</b> is a registered Professional Engineer in Ontario, Canada with over four decades of experience in the electric utility field with a focus on protection and control. He is a Technical Advisor for the Centre for Energy Advancement Technological Innovations (CEATI) for the Protection and Control Group. John is a principal owner of Ciufo & Cooperberg Consulting Inc., a company that specializes in power system protection.</p> <p><b>Aaron Cooperberg</b> is a registered Engineer in Ontario, Canada with over four decades of experience in the electric utility field focusing on power system protection. He is a principal owner of Ciufo & Cooperberg Consulting Inc.
<p><b>An all-in-one resource on power system protection fundamentals, practices, and applications</b></p> <p>Made up of an assembly of electrical components, power system protections are a critical piece of the electric power system. Despite its central importance to the safe operation of the power grid, the information available on the topic is limited in scope and detail. <p>In <i>Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications,</i> a team of renowned engineers delivers an authoritative and robust overview of power system protection ideal for new and early-career engineers and technologists. The book offers device- and manufacturer-agnostic fundamentals using an accessible balance of theory and practical application. It offers a wealth of examples and easy-to-grasp illustrations to aid the reader in understanding and retaining the information provided within. <p>In addition to providing a wealth of information on power system protection applications for generation, transmission, and distribution facilities, the book offers readers: <ul><li>A thorough introduction to power system protection, including why it’s required and foundational definitions</li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of basic power system protection components, including relays, instrument transformers, terminations, telecommunications, and more</li> <li>Practical discussions of basic types of protection relays and their operation, including overcurrent, differential, and distance relays </li> <li>In-depth examinations of high voltage transmission line protection, subtransmission and distribution protection, generator and capacitor protections, and much more</li></ul> <p>Perfect for protection engineers, system planning engineers, system operators, and power system equipment specifiers, <i>Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications</i> will also earn a place in the libraries of design and field engineers and technologists, as well as students and scholars of power-system protection.

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